When they made 1 TV. History of plasma televisions. History of the invention of television

03.10.2023 -

Today it is difficult to imagine that just over a hundred years ago humanity could do without television. This technology has become a familiar part of the family, entertaining, educating and informing the rest of the household. In this regard, it will be interesting to find out who invented the first television.

It is very important to note that before the very first television appeared, radio was invented. Here opinions about its “founding fathers” vary: the domestic point of view names the name inventor of radio No. 1 A.S. Popov, and abroad the same problem was studied by Marconi, Tesla, and Branly.

The question of who exactly invented the television cannot be given a definite answer. Next you can name the name of Paul Nipkow. It was he who came up with a special device - a disk named after him. The invention occurred in 1884. It was the radio signal and mechanical scanning that gave rise to television.

Few people know what exactly with the help Nipkow disk It was possible to read the image line by line and transmit it further to the screen. The enterprising John Bird from Scotland in the late twenties of the last century developed the first television based on this principle. He began to successfully implement the created project.

John Logie Baird

The leadership of mechanical television receivers from the Baird corporation of the same name was assigned to such devices until the 30s. The picture was clear, but there was no sound. However, the future was predetermined: it belonged to the cathode ray tube.

Invention and use of CRT

The global trend of technical superiority forced the best minds to work for the benefit of progress: work on the invention of the cathode ray tube (CRT) was carried out in many countries. Again it is worth highlighting contribution of Russian scientists- in 1907, Boris Rosing received a patent for a similar development. But he came to this conclusion based on previous discoveries.

And here we can give a brief excursion into history. You may recall that the German Heinrich Hertz discovered the influence of light on electricity in 1887: this is how photo effect. Then he could not explain in what quality and why the photoelectric effect was needed. This was done for him a year later by Alexander Stoletov, who tried to construct a prototype of modern photocells when the “electric eye” device was invented. After him, many scientists tried to explain the nature of this phenomenon. Albert Einstein can also be included among them.

Other discoveries that influenced the future emergence of television are also important. For example, in 1879, English physicist William Crookes created substances (luminophors) that could glow under the influence of a cathode ray. And Karl Brown even made an attempt to create a future kinescope. Just thanks to this Brownian kinescope and the already mentioned Boris Rosing was able to substantiate the theory of obtaining an image in this way. And in 1933, his student Vladimir Zvorykin created the first television with an iconoscope - that’s what he called the electron tube.

It is Zvorykin who is considered the “father” of modern TV. Even the world's first television was created in his American laboratory of the same name (he was an emigrant who left the country after the October Revolution). And in 1939, the first models for mass production appeared.

This led to the fact that in subsequent years the first televisions actively conquered European countries - first in Great Britain, Germany and so on. At first, the entire image was transmitted in optical-mechanical scanning, but then, with an increase in image quality, the transition to beam scanning took place in a cathode ray tube.

The first televisions appeared in the USSR already in 1939 - they began to be produced by the Leningrad Komintern plant. The principle of operation was the operation of a Nipkow disk, and therefore such a set-top box, having a screen of 3 by 4 cm, was necessary connect to radio. Then it was necessary to switch the radio to other frequencies - as a result, it was possible to watch those programs that were broadcast in European countries.

It was also interesting that these first televisions could be made by anyone. Especially for this purpose, the corresponding instructions were published in the Radiofront magazine.

Regular television broadcasting was started in 1938 by the Experimental Leningrad Center. And in the capital, television programs began to air about six months later. Interestingly, each of the television centers in these cities used different decomposition standards, which required the use of certain models of equipment.

To receive broadcasts from the Leningrad Television and Radio Center, the “VRK” television device was used (in decryption - the All-Union Radio Committee). It was a device with a 130x175 mm screen, the kinescope in which was powered by 24 lamps. Principle of operation - decomposition into 240 lines. Interestingly, in the thirties of the last century, 20 copies of such a device were produced. Such equipment was installed in pioneer houses and palaces of culture for the purpose of collective viewing.
The Moscow television center broadcast from decomposition into 343 lines- this was perceived by the TK-1 devices. A more complex device with 33 lamps was already implied here. In 1938 alone, 200 of them were produced, and by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War - 2 thousand copies.

The research into human engineering did not stop there - simplified models were bound to appear sooner or later. For example, at the Leningrad Radist plant in 1940, a serial version of the 17TN-1 was proposed, which could reproduce programs from both Leningrad and Moscow television. Production was launched, but only 2 thousand units were produced before the start of hostilities.

You can also give an example of a simplified model called “ATP-1” (Subscriber television receiver No. 1) - it was the prototype of modern cable subscription television. It was produced by the Aleksandrovsky plant before the war.

When did television become color?

All of the above talks about the transfer of black and white images. Scientists continued to work to make it color.

When did color televisions appear? People first started thinking about this back in the days of mechanical television receivers. One of the first developments was presented by Hovhannes Adamyan, who back in 1908 received a patent for a device capable of transmitting signals. two-color device. It is impossible not to mention John Logie Brad, the same inventor of the mechanical receiver. It was he who, in 1928, assembled a color television that sequentially transmitted three images using a blue, red and green filter.

But these were only attempts. A real leap in the development of color television occurred after the end of World War II. Since all efforts were devoted to civilian production, this inevitably led to progress in this area. This is what happened in the USA. An additional rationale was the use decimeter waves for image transmission.

This led to the fact that already in 1940, American scientists presented the Triniscope system. It was notable for the fact that it used three kinescopes with different colors from the phosphor glow, each of which reproduced a different color of the image.

As for domestic spaces, similar technical developments began to appear in the USSR only in 1951. But a year later, ordinary TV viewers could see a trial color broadcast.

In the 70s, television became a common technical device in many homes around the world. The Soviet space was no exception, the only thing worth noting is that color television receivers remained in our country scarce almost until the end of the eighties of the last century.

Progress does not stand still

Inventors tried to improve the result obtained - this is how the remote control appeared in 1956. Who created such a useful device? It was developed by Robert Adler in 1956. The principle of its operation was to transmit ultrasonic signals

, which were modulated by the corresponding commands. The very first remote control could only control the volume and change channels, but even at that time this was a pretty significant statement. Concerning infrared version of the remote control

, then it appeared in 1974 as a result of developments by Grundig and Magnavox. Its birth was dictated by the advent of teletext, which required more precise control, which means that buttons appeared then. And already in the eighties, the remote control was additionally used as an analogue of a gamepad, because then televisions also became an additional monitor to the first household computers and game consoles.

With the advent of VCRs, there was a need for the additional implementation of a component video input (in addition to the already existing analog antenna). With the beginning of the twenty-first century, the era of picture tubes came to an end - plasma panels and LCD TVs

. And by the 2010s, CRT models were practically forced out of the market by flat devices in LCD and PDP formats. Many of them can connect to the Internet and even demonstrate the ability to view 3D content. Today's television receiver bears little resemblance to its ancestor - it has functions home media center

Nowadays there is a TV in every home, but attempts to transmit image and sound over a distance were crowned with success not so long ago. The transmission of sound became possible after the discovery of radio waves and the invention of radio, but electromagnetic radiation, which allows the transmission of images, was tamed later, let's find out who invented the television.

The essence of television broadcasting is converting light waves into electrical signals with subsequent transmission of electrical signals through a communication channel and decoding of information in the reverse order - from electrical impulses into pictures.

The inventor of the camera obscura back in the Middle Ages was able to turn light into an optical pattern. The conversion of light into electricity became possible with discovery of the chemical element selenium in 1817. It was possible to practically use the properties of the “lunar” mineral in 1839. The first step towards television was taken. The idea of reverse conversion of an electrical signal into a light signal was realized in 1856, when I. G. Geisler invented the inertia-free tube, which converted electrical energy into an optical image using a conductor gas.

In 1875, Bostonian George Carey introduced first TV prototype– a mosaic structure consisting of gas-discharge tubes. Almost simultaneously, in the period from 1877 to 1880, three scientists from different countries unveiled a scheme involving alternate transmission of signals. Among them was our compatriot Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev, the inventor of the “telephotograph”. The Russian scientist presented a completely achievable idea, according to which, before transmission, the image was divided into separate parts, and after receiving it was restored into a single picture. In 1889, Professor Stoletov invented the photocell, after which, in 1907, B. L. Rosing created a patented principle of reverse conversion of electrical signals into an image using a cathode ray tube. Since then, this invention has been actively used in the design of television apparatus. Without Boris Rosing, who was able to get a picture consisting of dots and shapes, the appearance of the first electronic television device would have been impossible.

Vladimir Zvorykin

After establishing a theoretical basis that gave an understanding of the essence of phenomena and the possibility of controlling signals of different nature, as well as the appearance of a number of inventions, the world came to the emergence of special devices, intended for television broadcast.

There is no clear answer to the question of who is considered the inventor of the television. Attempts to implement the process of converting light waves into electrical waves with subsequent restoration of the optical image were made by various scientists and inventors.

In 1884 German scientist Paul Nipkow created the first device for optical-mechanical beam scanning- the so-called “Nipkow Disk”. In fact, the device was an electronic telescope that read the image line by line.

Using the idea of a talented German student, John Logie Baird was able to obtain picture on the screen of the receiving device. January 26, 1926 members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain observed for the first TV broadcast. Despite the fact that the image was very generalized and unclear, and there was no sound, it was still television. The scientist was not without a commercial spirit: Baird’s company began producing televisions.

The first kinescope was invented by Karl Brown. Subsequently, the glass “Brown Tube” became part of the television receiver.

Follower and student of Boris Rosing Vladimir Zvorykin invented and patented an electronic television system in 1932. To a certain extent, the scientist can be called the inventor of the first television.

How the first TV worked

First TV, suggested by John Baird, worked on the basis of Nipkow's disk. The device was a large rotating disk with holes located from the outer circumference to the center (along the Archimedean spiral). The size of the broadcast image was directly proportional to the size of the disk in the bounding box. The number of holes corresponded to the number of lines on the TV screen. The Nipkow disk rotated, moving the perforation, as a result of which a single image was divided into lines. The design had technical limitations that did not allow the translator screen to be enlarged. It was not possible to increase the number of holes indefinitely: the more the disk is covered with perforations, the smaller the size of the holes that should transmit light to the photocell. Eventually, The screens of the first television receivers were tiny - only 3 x 4 cm.

Low-line television made it possible to broadcast a television signal on long and medium waves, thanks to which they could “catch” a signal from Moscow even in Europe. But using a Nipkow Disk couldn't enlarge the screen even up to the size of a standard photograph - in this case the translator had to be equipped with a huge two-meter disk. But the principle of electronic television, proposed by Vladimir Zvorykin, was limited in frequency, since the picture was divided into a huge number of elements, the transmission of which would take up all the power. Was The decision was made broadcast television signals on ultrashort waves with a range of less than 10 meters. Ultrashort waves travel in a straight line, just like light pulses.

Zvorykin's TV worked on a different system. The device was based on inventions patented by the scientist - an iconoscope (a transmitting cathode ray tube) and a kinescope (a receiving tube that reproduces an image). In the late 1920s, the idea of electronic television spread throughout the world.

The first TV in the USSR

First TV broadcast took place in the vastness of the Soviet Union in April 1931 of the year. At that time, domestic televisions had not yet been produced. The first television in the USSR appeared later, as the authorities did radio broadcasting bid, because they believed that this method of transmitting information more effective from a propaganda point of view. Nevertheless, at that time in the USSR paper Nipkow disks were produced. Television signals were broadcast on long and medium frequencies. The sound was transmitted separately, and the picture separately.

Domestic craftsmen quickly mastered the intricacies of assembling television receivers. Cardboard perforated disk complemented by a neon lamp, providing signal reception and imaging on a miniature screen. A radio receiver was purchased to receive the sound signal. Assembly diagrams for homemade televisions were published in the magazine Radiofront.

Later, the Leningrad enterprise Comintern began producing domestic televisions operating according to the Nipkow system. The device resembled a set-top box with a 3 x 4 cm screen, designed for connection to a radio receiver. Television broadcasting has become regular. For a long time on the territory of the USSR There was only one channel broadcasting - First, whose work was interrupted during the Great Patriotic War. In the post-war period, the principle of electronic television began to be used, and the first kinescope television receiver was released. The second domestic television channel began broadcasting.

First color TV

The ideas for the first color television and the transmission of color images were developed in parallel with the implementation of the plan for black and white television broadcasting. Same John Baird in 1928 he figured out to build in a three-color filter into your television set. The images were transmitted through a light filter one by one. It is likely that the principle used by Baird was based on a proposal by Alexander Polumordvinov, who in 1900 applied for a patent for the first color three-component television system, Telefot. The inventor also proposed combining a perforated Nipkow disk with multi-colored filters.

In 1907 Hovhannes Adamyan patented two-color television system with simultaneous color transfer. Later, the scientist came up with a scheme for sequential transmission of three color signals. Adamyan's reaming apparatus was equipped with three series of holes covered with red, blue and green filters. It was this idea that John Baird later implemented. The disadvantage of the scheme was incompatibility with black and white television.

The first real color TV was released in America in the 20s of the last century. RCA devices could be freely purchased on credit.

Later it turned out that the developers were ahead of the needs of the public: at that time, television viewers were quite satisfied with a black and white picture. The idea of color television was returned to after the end of World War II.

The first color TV in the USSR

Research on color television in the USSR continued in 1947. On November 7, 1952, Leningrad Television successfully conducted an experimental broadcast color television broadcast.

In 1954, Soviet scientists developed the OSCM television broadcasting standard, and already in 1956 the same Leningrad Television Center broadcast the first film with color images. The quality of signal reception was tested on domestic black-and-white devices.

Since October 1, 1967, color television broadcasting in the USSR has been carried out using the SECAM standard. In 1977, domestic television broadcasts were broadcast entirely in color.

In the Soviet Union, their own color television was released later, although development began during the time of Zvorykin. In 1953, domestic enterprises produced Rainbow televisions based on Nipkow disks with color filters. After the transition to the principle of electronic television, the updated “Rainbow” and the “Temp-22” model were released.

The first domestic mass TV with color images was called “Rubin”.

Who invented plasma TV

In July 1964, University of Illinois professors D. Bitzer and G. Slottow developed the first prototype of a modern plasma TV. At that time, the technology did not arouse much interest. The topic of plasma apparatus was returned to with the advent of digital television. They invented and studied the properties of plasma. By that time, it became clear that the kinescope broadcast system needed to be replaced - electronic televisions did an excellent job of transmitting video, but to broadcast computer video graphics, a fundamentally new solution was needed.

The first device was equipped with only one cell. Modern TVs are equipped with millions of pixels.

In 1999, the world saw a Panasonic plasma TV with a sixty-inch diagonal. At that moment, televisions became much thinner than devices of previous generations.

With the advent of liquid crystal screens, plasma TV technology has somewhat suspended its development. The demand for “plasma” has decreased.

Soviet television began its activities in 1931, and it was then that television broadcasts took place for the first time. But it was black and white television.

Let's find out in what year the first color TV was put on the shelves in the USSR, and find out what brand it was. And this is Rubin-401. The first color television of the Soviet Union. It was released in 1967 and worked on French SECAM technology.

Although experimental development began much earlier, and test televisions were demonstrated in 1951.

The colors were faded, and it was possible to watch the broadcast in a darkened room. But over time, the screen size has increased noticeably, and the clarity and contrast have also improved.

It all started with the production of simple units. Soviet designers of the Comitern plant presented a test black and white version B 2. The receiver was equipped with a special plastic lens.

And the name of the color television, designed in the States, was CBSRX - 40. It was mechanical. It was a compact product, and the size of any side did not exceed 14 cm. In America, this technique did not immediately become popular. Much depended on how much the TV cost, since the first developers wanted to sell their invention at a very high price.

The Soviet Union tried not to yield to the States in anything. And therefore, the emergence of new technology in the two countries occurred almost simultaneously. E Stages of production of color TVs:

In 1950, a picture tube with electron guns was invented, which were located at a certain angle relative to each other. The device was equipped with an electronic sweep variation. Three beams appeared from the cannon and accumulated in the mask. Then they penetrated the screen, where they glowed in different colors.
In 1954, Westinghouse in America offered the H840SK15 for sale. Out of 500 devices, only 30 were sold, since the price was quite high - $1,295.
Serial production in the States was launched in 1954. The RCA CT-100 model was equipped with a 12-inch screen. 5 thousand copies were sold at a price of 1 thousand dollars. Then screens appeared, 15, 19 and 20 inches.
In 1965, the Temp and Rainbow models were created.

In the 70s, all kinds of programs designed in color began to appear in America. This made it possible to significantly reduce the cost. And in 1967 in the USSR it was also possible to watch the program in Secam standard color.
After Rubin 401, Rubin 714 was produced. This technology was based on lamps. The 714 featured a larger screen. The diagonal value reached 60 cm. This device was not convenient due to its heavy weight.

The following models were popular in the USSR:

Model B 2 1931. Production on a large scale continued from 1933 to 1936. The screen parameters were 16*12 mm. Initially, it was not an ordinary device, but a set-top box that was connected to a special radio operating in the medium wave range.
At the end of the 30s, American technologies were also used in the USSR. Several models were tried to be created under US license. But they were not put into production because the war interfered.
The legendary KVN-49 enjoyed special love among the people; it was in his honor that the most famous program was named. It was developed at the Leningrad Research Institute. It gained popularity thanks to its non-standard mounted lens that magnifies pictures.
In 1957, they began to make equipment under the general name Ruby. The Rubin 102 device could demonstrate up to 12 TV channels. It provided connectors for tape devices. Rubin 714 became a popular model.
Dawn 307 is known for even greater popularity. In total, 8 million models were sold. Black and white equipment has been produced since 1975.
Other well-known options include Record 312.
The Horizon TV has been produced at the radio equipment plant since the 80s, in the city of Minsk. Such a unit was a scarce commodity.
The Electron plant offered excellent technology to consumers. In the 80s, Electron Ts 382 was produced on its territory, which was distinguished by excellent picture clarity, good technical performance and modern design.

How was television invented?

Attempts to produce a television receiver began in the 19th century by mechanic Paul Nipkow. The ability to transmit pictures over long distances arose in 1880.

At that time, the models were of the electromechanical type. Nipkov designed a special disk that made it possible to scan pictures.
Then in 1895, Karl Braun from Germany created a kinescope, which is known as the Braun tube.

The scientist underestimated his brainchild, but in 1906, another scientist Max Dieckmann acquired a patent for this tube and used it to broadcast pictures. A year later, he created a television receiver with a 30*30 mm screen and a scanning speed of 10 frames per minute.

In the 1920s, John Loggie Brad of Britain used a Nipkow disk to create a mechanical device that could operate without sound, but provide a full picture without distortion.

He was able to broadcast footage using a different color filter.
The first experience of television broadcasting was made by Boris Lvovich Rosing. This was done in 1911. This development was an electronic television receiver.

He managed to create a picture on the kinescope screen. 17 years later, the inventor’s student Vladimir Zvorykin in the USA came up with a unit with a mechanical version of the sweep.

In 1923, he was issued a patent for the design. It was television based on electronic technology. The production of equipment equipped with a cathode ray tube was launched in America at the end of the 30s.
Television developed at an intensive pace in the Union. In 1932, samples were made for sample -B 2.

It was a mechanism with the simplest structure and a small screen measuring 3*4 cm. The production of television devices in the USSR began a year earlier than in the USA - in 1938.

The ATP 1 model was designed, the body of which contained 9 electronic tubes. The release of a more advanced design was prevented by the war.
As for color TVs. In 1940, scientists from America introduced the Triniscope system, in which pictures from three picture tubes were combined with phosphor glow colors. In the USSR, such developments began in 1951.

What was the name of the first TV in the USSR?

If we do not touch on test developments, the first mass-produced color TV was the Rubin 401. But even before it, the Rainbow device was created at the Kozitsky plant, and the Temp 22 was created at the radio plant in Moscow.

About 4 thousand of them were constructed, but they were not made available for sale.

The first broadcast in color for public viewing was made on November 7, 1967, thanks to agreements formalized between France and the Soviet Union. The French technology was called Segam.
Consumers especially loved the Rubin 714 brand with a large diagonal.

By the end of the 80s, more than 50 million televisions were sold in the USSR. At this time, inventors were working on new models of equipment.
Here's how the television apparatus was designed at that time:

Inside the case on the left side there was a main block with settings, a radio channel, and a transformer.
On the right were scanners with lamps.

The device was designed for the meter range. A special attachment was created for decimeter channels. Then SKD blocks were produced.

A new stage in the creation of color televisions was the transition to transistors, which were assembled from microcircuits.

A TV today cannot be called a luxury item, as it was 50 years ago. This device is now in every home. The whole family gathers around it in the evenings and on weekends, and it is a real center of entertainment and receiving the most up-to-date information about events in the country and in the world. This piece of furniture has become so familiar that it seems as if it has always existed. But this achievement of scientific and technological progress has its own history. It would not be amiss to note the names of its creators and remember the long path of its development.

The history of the discovery of television

The appearance of television was preceded by several very important and interesting events in the world of science and technology. It was they who made this invention possible, which very soon became a very important achievement that completely transformed our lives.

We list only the most important discoveries in science that influenced the creation of this device:

the creation of the theory of light waves - the physicist Huygens, who went down in history, managed to understand the nature of light;
discovery of electromagnetic waves - Maxwell;
discovery of the ability to influence the parameters of electric current by changing the resistance - it is this discovery of the scientist with the popular name Smith that is associated with the very first experiments in creating television systems;
discovery of the influence of light on electricity - Alexander Stoletov.

By the way, it was Stoletov who had the honor of creating the “electric eye” - that’s what the prototype of a modern photocell was called at that time. True, the photoelectric effect was first discovered by Heinrich Hertz, but he could not figure out how to use this phenomenon in practice. Stoletov did it for him, which is why he is considered the discoverer.

It is also important to remember that it was studied (at approximately the same time) how light affects the chemical composition of certain substances. As a result, the photoelectric effect was discovered, and it became clear to the scientific community that a picture can not only be “drawn” using electromagnetic waves, but also transmitted over a certain distance. And the invention of radio, which at that time had already become famous, spurred the interest of scientists and technicians. Now nothing could hinder progress. The creation of the first television was predetermined.

Speaking about who invented the television, which after some time became the most popular and important means of distributing and receiving information, it is impossible to name any one name - a lot of people participated in its creation.

It all started with the work of the German technician Paul Nipkow, who in 1884 created a device that performed line-by-line scanning of any picture that could be transmitted to the screen in the form of an optical-mechanical scan. The device was mechanical and was called the “Nipkow disk”. It was on its basis that the first electromechanical device was designed, which can already be called a TV. Television systems based on the Nipkow disk were known until the 30s of the twentieth century.

The very first kinescope was created by Karl Brown. It was called the “Brown tube” and became the prototype of modern picture tubes, which were used until the advent of liquid crystal and plasma panels.

Speaking about the first device that can already be called a television, it is necessary to remember the name of the Scotsman John Bird. He created a mechanical device operating on the basis of a Nipkow disk and put it into production. Bird turned out to be a very enterprising man, and his corporation flourished in the complete absence of competitors. True, his televisions did not have sound, but despite this, they were noticeably popular. The signal was transmitted over a fairly long distance - in 1927, communication was established between London and Glasgow at a distance of about 700 kilometers. However, the future of television lay with the vacuum tube invented by Brown.

Who invented the modern television

After its appearance, Brown's pipe did not become widespread. However, a few years later, the Russian scientist Boris Rosing became interested in it, and in 1907 he patented a similar device. His systems had no mechanical parts, and therefore can be called the first fully electronic devices.

And the date of appearance of the first television with an iconoscope (as the tube was called by its creator Vladimir Zvorykin, a student of Rosing) is considered to be 1933. The TV was assembled in the American laboratory of a scientist who left Russia after the revolution. It is Zvorykin who has the honor of being called the creator of modern television. Zvorykin's TV went into mass production in 1939. The device had a screen measuring 3x4 cm.

The first device to replace the mechanical Nipkow disk was created by the American Fransworth Philo Taylor and was called an image dissector. The device scanned an image like a Nipkow disk and divided it into electrical signals that could be transmitted. He also built the first fully electronic system, which was presented to the public in 1934.

After this series of inventions, experiments in the creation and development of television systems spread throughout the world.

Color TV

At first, scientists and technicians were faced with the task of transmitting images. Naturally, the first more or less high-quality images were transmitted in halftones; few people thought about color reproduction. And yet the idea of transmitting a color image over a distance did not leave the minds of scientists and technicians. The very first experiments were carried out at a time when mechanical Byrd receivers dominated the market. The first studies were presented to the scientific community by Hovhannes Adamyan. At the very beginning of the 20th century, he patented a device that worked in two colors.

In 1928, the first device was introduced that was capable of transmitting a color image sequentially behind three color filters. This device became the prototype of the modern full-color TV.

Real progress in this area began after World War II. All the countries' resources were used to restore the war-damaged economy and improve the quality of life of the population. Waves in the decimeter range began to be used to transmit images.

The basis for further research in this area was the American Triniscope system, which was presented to the public back in 1940. It worked on the basis of three picture tubes, each of which received only the color intended for it. The result was a color picture.

After this, progress in the field of color television could not be stopped.

Creation of television in the USSR

The Soviet Union lagged somewhat behind other advanced countries in the development of television and research in image transmission. This was facilitated, in particular, by the difficulties in the country's economy caused by the Great Patriotic War.

The first experiments in transmitting television images took place back in 1931. The very first TV was assembled on a Nipkov disk. It was produced at the Leningrad Komintern plant and was not an independent device, but an attachment that had to be connected to a radio receiver. The TV had a screen measuring 3x4 cm.

Engineers in all corners of the country assembled the devices themselves. For this purpose, detailed instructions were even published in the Radiofront magazine. The assembly process was extremely simple, so the first televisions of this type appeared in Soviet families.

How did the first television appear?

More or less regular television broadcasting appeared in the USSR in 1931 after the launch of a broadcasting station on medium waves. At first, only three dozen mechanical devices received the signal, but the audience was significantly expanded by “homemade” devices. Here are the main milestones in the development of television in the USSR:

1949: mastered the production of mass-produced KVN televisions with a cathode ray tube;
1951: creation of the Central Television Gosteleradio;
1959: experiments with color television broadcasting;
1965: The first satellite broadcasting a signal to the entire country.

Television studios began to appear not only in Moscow, but also in other large cities of the country. A whole range of television programs of various directions has appeared. The industry produced increasingly modern television receivers. And all of this led to the modern television environment we have today.

Modern life cannot be imagined without TV. It's hard to believe that once upon a time there was no television at all. The first broadcast of images at a distance appeared in the distant 1880s, and televisions then were electromechanical. It was only in 1907 that a method of electrical image transmission appeared, and in 1932 the Americans invented an electronic television. Soon after the first black-and-white models appeared, scientists developed the first color television. Black and white tones did not allow us to fully enjoy the beauty of the outside world. Our ancestors installed three-color film in front of the TV screen, thereby trying to diversify the color gamut of the image.

First patented design

At the end of the nineteenth century, Russian inventor and industrial engineer Alexander Polumordvinov suggested the possibility of color television. At the end of 1899, he managed to obtain a patent for a genuine multi-color television system. This system was analogous to today's. Throughout history, about twenty-five color transmission projects have been known, put forward by various inventors. Alexander Polumordvinov proposed the theory of three-component multi-color vision. This theory of color perception was called Lomonosov-Jung-Helmgontz.

The essence of the theory of color perception

The meaning of this theory was that when using a light filter (three colors), a multi-colored image of various shades is obtained. These colors - red, blue and green - are still used today.

Two disks were used to obtain the image. They rotated at different speeds parallel to each other. In the first disk, slits were made along the lines of the radius, that is, from the center to the edge, and in the second, slits were cut in the shape of a logarithmic spiral. The number of slits was a multiple of three.

When the slots on both disks intersected, a diamond-shaped hole was created, which acted as a spreading element as the disks rotated. To obtain an image signal, the slits were sequentially closed with light filters. They were purple, green and red. Using a selenium photocell, the light that leaked through the diamond-shaped hole was converted into an electrical signal. Between the visual projection of the transmitted image and the photocell in each time interval there was one hole, which was closed with a light filter of some color. At the moment when the hole went beyond the image frame, another hole was moved on the opposite side, which was shifted by a distance equal to the width of the slit. This hole was closed with another light filter of a different color.

Find out when the first color TV appeared

Adamyar, Zvorykin and many other inventors were involved in the color television project. When figuring out what the first color TV appeared in the world, you should go back to the fifties, when in the USA the RCA company released the first TV with color broadcasting, the CBS RX-40, which had a mechanical scan. The screen was 14 by 10 cm in size; in front of it was a disk with light filters, which had a synchronized electric motor. But the image quality was very poor. In Russia, the first color television was released in 1954 in the city of Leningrad. The name of that model is "Rainbow". The advantage of the Soviet TV was that the rotating disk was hidden in the housing. The television receiver also had an external magnifying lens made of plastic, which was filled with distilled water.

Electronic scan development

In 1950, a kinescope was developed with three electron guns located at an angle of 120 degrees relative to each other. This TV had an electronic scan and a mask kinescope covered with a mosaic phosphor. Three beams emerged from three cathodes (guns) and were collected in a “mask”. Then the rays hit the screen and the segments glowed in green, red and blue.

Westinghouse period

Using this principle, in 1954, Westinghouse released the first color television and introduced it for sale as the model H840SK15. But out of the five hundred produced, only thirty were sold in a month; most remained unsold. This failure was explained by the high price - 1295 US dollars, in today's money - 11200 dollars. Even the advertising campaign, which was supposed to create a strong desire to buy the world's first color TV, did not help. Also, the first color TV was not needed due to its irrelevance, because most programs were shown in black and white.

Second TV brand

The RCA CT-100, released in April 1954, was more popular. This was the first mass-produced color television. Its screen was 12 inches. 5,000 televisions were sold at a price of $1,000. A couple of weeks later, the same company RCA released a TV with a 15-inch screen. Later, models with 19- and 20-inch screens were introduced.

Thus began the intensive development of increasingly advanced televisions. The color television market has expanded and now, when trying to figure out when color televisions appeared, some historians give different dates. But the fact remains that new functions appeared in them, capabilities changed. General Electric sold 15-inch TVs for $1,000, and Sylvania sold 15-inch TVs for $1,150. Some companies rented TVs. For example, Emerson charged two hundred dollars for the first month of rent, and the subsequent ones cost only $75. Then there was the price of $795 for a model with a diagonal of 21 inches. And by the end of 1957, one hundred and fifty thousand color televisions had been sold. In the sixties, many television models were developed, among which were the Rainbow and Temp. In the early seventies, the number of color broadcasts in the United States increased, and the cost of televisions decreased significantly. In 1967, the first color transmission of the SECAM standard appeared in the USSR, and the first Soviet color TV appeared on store shelves, it was called “Rubin-401”. It was completely Soviet designed.

in USSR

The mass sale of televisions with color images in the USSR occurred in the seventies. For example, the Electron TV had dimensions of 77.5 * 55 * 55 cm. Such a TV was a full-fledged part of the interior, because it was also used as a shelf. The diagonal of the "Electron" was 59 cm, and the mass was 65

kg. The TV body is covered with valuable wood and varnish.

Earlier, in February 1957, the Council of Ministers decided that broadcasting on the joint system should begin in 1958. OSCT-2 was manufactured at Shabolovka in November 1958. And in January 1960, it began broadcasting regularly using the NTSC system. At that time, only two factories were producing televisions. This is the Leningrad plant named after. Kozitsky - "Rainbow" and the radio plant in Moscow - "Temp-22". The TVs have not yet gone on sale, although 4,000 of them were produced.

First color broadcast

The first color broadcast took place in 1967 on November 7 thanks to the agreement between the USSR and France. The French system was called SECAM. The brand of the first color TV was also French - KFT.

“Rubin-714” appeared, which turned out to be the most popular at that time, since the screen diagonal was already 61 cm.

For a long period, color televisions were sold at reduced prices to provide consumers with the opportunity to obtain color television at an affordable price and appreciate its benefits.

By the end of the eighties, about fifty million color televisions were sold in the USSR, and inventors were developing more and more new models of their favorite equipment.

The structure of TVs from the 70s and 80s

Inside the case on the left there were a transformer, a settings block, a radio channel and a channel switch, and at the bottom there was a color block and a condenser block. The most dangerous and powerful part was installed on the right - a scanning unit with high-voltage lamps and a TV receiving the meter range. To receive decimeter channels, a set-top box was released that converted the channels into one of the meter ones. Later they released SKD blocks that existed until the mid-nineties, that is, almost twenty years.

The next step was the transition to transistors assembled from microcircuits. Lamps were no longer used. Televisions became smaller and smaller and more technologically advanced. Manufacturers now present a huge number of TVs of different sizes. The possibilities of television are growing every year - progress does not stand still.